Low-temperature performance

Lower temperature changes electrolyte viscosity, ion motion, interfacial reaction, and transport inside electrodes, so polarization at the same current can differ. Cold-performance interpretation should separate actual cell temperature from ambient temperature and state whether thermal equilibrium was reached.

Cold charging should not be inferred from cold discharge capability. Allowable range, preheating strategy, and protection logic need validation for the specific cell and system, including sensor error, local temperature difference, and long-term cycling effect.

In vehicles, two-wheelers, or outdoor storage, cold behavior also depends on enclosure insulation, heating, power conrevisions, and operating strategy. A cell cold-capacity value alone cannot answer system usable energy, start time, or maintenance need.