废旧钠离子电池的回收工艺有哪些？

What recycling processes are available for waste sodium-ion batteries?

当前工业化废旧钠离子电池主流回收分为干法冶金、湿法冶金、物理预处理三大核心工艺，多采用 “物理拆解预处理   干法 / 湿法” 联合工艺提升材料再生纯度，完整回收流程覆盖 PACK 拆解、电芯破碎、分选、材料提纯、前驱体制备全链条。第一步统一物理预处理：退役电池先充分深度放电至 0V 消除短路风险，人工 / 自动化拆解拆除 BMS、汇流排、外壳，电芯专用惰性氮气密闭破碎机低温破碎，隔膜、铝箔、活性粉体气流重力多级分选，分离塑料、金属铝、正负极混合粉末，分别收集各组分。第二步两条主流再生主线：干法高温冶金工艺，将分选后的正负极粉体送入回转高温炉隔绝空气煅烧，碳、粘结剂充分分解挥发，金属钠盐、铝氧化物熔融分离，冷凝提纯得到高纯度钠盐、金属氧化物前驱体，适配普鲁士蓝、聚阴离子体系；湿法浸出工艺，粉体经酸 / 碱选择性浸出，分离铁、锰、钒、钠金属离子，除杂萃取后浓缩结晶，再生高纯钠盐与正极前驱体，再生硬碳同步提纯回收。配套辅助工艺：铝箔熔融重铸再生铝卷，隔膜塑料造粒复用，BMS 电路板贵金属简易回收。联合工艺优势：物理分选去除 90% 杂质，降低后续冶金提纯能耗与药剂消耗，钠元素回收率可达 92% 以上，碳材料回收率 88%。两类工艺各适配不同正极体系，工厂根据废旧电池品类搭配使用，再生材料可回流电芯产线实现闭环循环经济。

Current industrial mainstream recycling technologies for waste sodium-ion batteries include dry metallurgy, wet metallurgy and physical pretreatment. Combined "physical disassembly pretreatment   dry/wet" processes are widely adopted to improve regenerated material purity. The complete recycling chain covers PACK disassembly, cell crushing, sorting, material purification and precursor preparation. Step 1 unified physical pretreatment: Retired batteries are fully deep-discharged to 0V to eliminate short-circuit risks. BMS, busbars and shells are removed by manual or automatic disassembly. Cells are crushed at low temperature in inert nitrogen sealed crushers. Multi-stage air gravity sorting separates plastic, aluminum foil and mixed positive/negative active powder into individual collections. Step 2 two mainstream regeneration lines: Dry high-temperature metallurgy sends sorted cathode/anode powder into rotary kilns for air-isolated calcination. Carbon and binders fully decompose and volatilize. Molten separation of sodium salts and aluminum oxides achieves high-purity sodium salt and metal oxide precursors via condensation purification, suitable for Prussian blue and polyanion systems. Wet leaching selectively extracts iron, manganese, vanadium and sodium ions from powder via acid/alkali leaching. After impurity removal and extraction, concentrated crystallization regenerates high-purity sodium salts and cathode precursors with simultaneous hard carbon recovery. Auxiliary processes: Aluminum foil remelting and recasting for recycled aluminum coils, plastic granulation of separators, and simple precious metal recovery from BMS circuit boards. Advantages of combined processes: Physical sorting removes 90% impurities and cuts energy & reagent consumption of subsequent metallurgy, with sodium recovery rate above 92% and carbon recovery rate 88%. The two technologies match different cathode systems and are combined by factories according to waste battery types. Regenerated materials can flow back to cell production lines to realize closed-loop circular economy.