钠电池的应急处置方法有哪些？

What are the emergency disposal methods for sodium-ion battery accidents?

钠电池常见事故分为漏液、鼓包发热、热失控起火、运输仓储破损四类标准化应急处置流程，统一遵循先断电隔离、再控温阻燃、最后合规回收三步原则。电芯轻微漏液：穿戴耐酸碱手套、防护面罩，用干蛭石完全吸附渗出电解液，收集至耐碱密封危废桶，破损电芯放入防爆隔离箱静置 24 小时，地面吸附沙土统一作为危废转运，禁止直接清水冲洗地面（钠盐水遇放热）。电芯无明火但持续发热鼓包：立即切断所有高低压回路，用干沙、石墨粉全方位包裹电芯隔绝氧气，转移至室外防爆空旷区域，持续监测温度，每 30 分钟记录一次，温度回落至 35℃以下方可判定稳定，禁止密封密闭箱体存放加速积热。热失控起火：人员从上风向靠近，远距离喷射 D 类干粉灭火器，同步周边电芯干沙覆盖阻断热蔓延；小火掩埋干沙 10cm 以上，大型 PACK 起火推入专用密闭冷水浸没柜，全程禁止水基灭火剂，火情熄灭后持续隔离观察 24 小时防复燃。运输 / 仓储大面积破损：将所有受损电池全部转移独立防爆隔间，分区堆放完整电芯与破损件，破损电芯逐套检测电压温度，出现发热单独灭火处置，完整电芯重新绝缘包装，破损漏液物料全部登记危废台账，委托有资质回收企业转运。所有事故处置完成后形成应急报告，记录事故时间、电芯规格、处置步骤、物资消耗，同步排查产线 / 仓储隐患整改，操作人员事后清洗皮肤，电解液接触部位就医检查。

Four standardized emergency procedures cover common sodium battery accidents including liquid leakage, swelling overheating, thermal runaway fire and transportation/storage damage, uniformly following three principles: cut power & isolate first, control temperature & fire resistance second, and compliant recycling last. Minor cell leakage: Wear acid-base resistant gloves and protective masks. Absute leaked electrolyte completely with dry vermiculite and collect into alkali-resistant sealed hazardous waste barrels. Place damaged cells in explosion-proof isolation boxes for 24-hour standing. Sand used for ground absorption shall be transferred as hazardous waste. Direct ground flushing with water is prohibited due to exothermic reaction of sodium salt and water. Overheated swollen cells without open flame: Cut off all high and low voltage circuits immediately, wrap cells fully with dry sand and graphite powder to isolate oxygen, transfer to outdoor explosion-proof open areas and monitor temperature every 30 minutes. Stability is confirmed only when temperature drops below 35℃. Sealed box storage that accelerates heat accumulation is forbidden. Thermal runaway fire: Approach from upwind and spray Class D dry powder from a long distance, covering surrounding cells with dry sand to block thermal spread. Cover small fires with over 10 cm dry sand; immerse large PACKs into dedicated sealed cold water cabinets. Water-based extinguishing agents are banned throughout the process. Isolate and observe for 24 hours after fire suppression to prevent re-ignition. Mass transportation/storage damage: Transfer all damaged batteries to independent explosion-proof compartments and separate intact cells from broken ones. Test voltage and temperature of each damaged set and conduct fire disposal separately for overheated units. Repack intact cells with insulation. All leaking damaged materials are recorded in hazardous waste ledgers and transferred by qualified recyclers. An emergency report recording accident time, cell specifications, disposal steps and material consumption shall be compiled after all accidents. Hidden dangers of workshops/warehouses are investigated and rectified simultaneously. Operators clean skin afterwards and seek medical treatment for electrolyte contact areas.