钠电池的使用安全注意事项有哪些？

What are the safety precautions for using sodium-ion batteries?

钠电池在储能、代步、户外电源等各类场景使用需遵循全套安全规范，覆盖安装、充放电、运维、故障处置全流程。安装环节：PACK 固定牢固，预留充足散热空间，电芯不可紧贴墙体、金属热源，高低压线束分开布线，避免线束挤压磨损破皮；BMS 参数严格匹配电芯标称电压、限流阈值，禁止随意修改保护程序，绝缘隔板完整无缺失。充电规范：配套原厂专用充电器，禁用快充改装、劣质适配器；环境温度 0~45℃方可充电，低于 0℃强制预热再充，杜绝低温直接充电析钠；充电全程有人值守，夜间无人充电需配备温控断电装置，满电及时断电，禁止长期浮充超 72 小时。放电使用：避免持续超大电流超负荷运行，叉车、储能设备严禁长时间满功率输出；设备运行中发现异常发烫、异味、异响立刻停机断电，断开高压连接器静置隔离。运维巡检：定期检查线束破损、汇流排锈蚀、电芯鼓包，每月记录单体压差，压差超 80mV 及时均衡；设备停机长期存放维持 40% SOC，置于干燥常温室内，禁止露天淋雨暴晒。禁止违规操作：严禁针刺、挤压、摔砸电池；禁止私自拆解 PACK、焊接电芯；禁止混用不同容量、新旧、不同体系钠电池；禁止将电池投入水中、明火烘烤；外壳破损漏液立即停止使用，隔离转运危废处理，漏出电解液接触皮肤大量清水冲洗，不慎入眼持续清水就医。

A complete set of safety specifications shall be followed when sodium-ion batteries are used in energy storage, mobility scooters, outdoor power supplies and other scenarios, covering installation, charge-discharge, operation maintenance and fault disposal. Installation: PACKs are firmly fixed with sufficient heat dissipation space reserved. Cells shall not be attached to walls or metal heat sources. High and low voltage harnesses are routed separately to avoid extrusion and insulation abrasion. BMS parameters strictly match the rated cell voltage and current limit thresholds, and arbitrary modification of protection programs is prohibited with intact insulating separators. Charging specifications: Original dedicated chargers shall be adopted without modified fast chargers or inferior adapters. Charging is only allowed at 0~45℃. Preheating is mandatory below 0℃ to avoid sodium precipitation from direct low-temperature charging. Charging shall be supervised. Temperature-controlled power-off devices are required for unattended night charging. Cut off power promptly after full charge and prohibit floating charge exceeding 72 hours. Discharge operation: Avoid continuous overloaded ultra-large current operation. Forklifts and energy storage equipment shall not run at full power for a long time. Shut down and cut off power immediately if abnormal overheating, odor or abnormal sound occurs during operation, then disconnect high-voltage connectors for isolation. Routine inspection: Check harness damage, busbar rust and cell swelling regularly, record single-string voltage difference monthly and conduct balancing when the gap exceeds 80mV. Maintain 40% SOC for long-term shutdown storage in dry room temperature without outdoor rain or sun exposure. Forbidden operations: Nail penetration, extrusion and battery smashing are prohibited. Unauthorized PACK disassembly and cell welding are forbidden. Mixing of batteries with different capacities, ages or material systems is not allowed. Do not immerse batteries in water or bake with open flames. Stop using damaged leaking shells immediately and transfer to hazardous waste disposal. Rinse skin with plenty of water upon electrolyte contact and seek medical treatment continuously if liquid enters eyes.