钠电池 PACK 的风冷系统和水冷系统有什么区别？

What are the differences between air cooling and water cooling systems of sodium-ion battery PACK?

风冷、水冷是 PACK 两大主流散热方案，从散热效率、温控精度、成本、适配场景四维度存在本质差异。一散热效率：水冷依靠液体换热系数高，大功率高密度 PACK 散热能力是风冷 2~3 倍，电芯温差控制 3℃以内；风冷空气对流换热上限低，大容量模组温差可达 8~10℃。二低温预热：水冷可集成水路伴热升温均匀，风冷加热膜直吹局部温差偏大。三运维成本：风冷仅风机、滤网，造价低无漏液风险，仅定期清理滤网；水冷配套水泵、管路、防冻液，硬件投入更高，管路渗漏存在腐蚀电芯隐患，需定期检测液位。四适配场景：风冷适配户用小储能、通信基站、低速两轮车，追求低成本；水冷专供工商业兆瓦储能、电动叉车、海上风电等高功率、长循环高附加值项目。平价储能项目优先风冷压缩造价，高端长时储能、大功率设备全部采用水冷提升温控一致性。

Air cooling and water cooling are two mainstream heat dissipation schemes of PACK with essential differences in four dimensions: heat dissipation efficiency, temperature control precision, cost and applicable scenarios. First heat dissipation efficiency: water cooling relies on liquid with high heat transfer coefficient, with heat dissipation capacity 2~3 times that of air cooling for high-power high-density PACK and cell temperature difference controlled within 3℃; air cooling has low upper limit of air convection heat exchange with temperature difference up to 8~10℃ for large-capacity modules. Second low-temperature preheating: water cooling integrates pipeline heating for uniform temperature rise, while air cooling with direct blowing heating film generates large local temperature difference. Third operation & maintenance cost: air cooling only contains fans and filter screens with low cost and no liquid leakage risk, requiring regular screen cleaning; water cooling matches water pumps, pipelines and antifreeze with higher hardware investment, and pipeline leakage has hidden dangers of cell corrosion, requiring regular liquid level detection. Fourth applicable scenarios: air cooling adapts to low-cost household small energy storage, communication base stations and low-speed two-wheelers; water cooling is exclusively for high-value projects such as industrial megawatt energy storage, electric forklifts and offshore wind power with high power and long cycles. Low-cost energy storage projects prioritize air cooling to cut construction cost, while high-end long-duration storage and high-power equipment all adopt water cooling to improve temperature control consistency.