钠电池的安全测试工艺有哪些？

What safety testing processes are available for sodium-ion batteries?

钠电池安全测试分为机械、热、电气三大类别，严格依据 UN38.3 运输标准、国内储能强制国标执行，验证极端工况耐受能力，新品量产前必须全套通过测试方可上市流通。第一机械安全测试：针刺、挤压、跌落、振动、冲击，模拟装卸碰撞、金属穿刺、长途颠簸场景，检验电芯机械抗破坏能力；第二热安全测试：高低温循环、高温长时间存储、热滥用烘烤、明火燃烧，验证高低温交替、外部高温环境下热失控防护能力；第三电气安全测试：过充、过放、外部短路、强制反向放电，模拟电控故障、接线短路、反接电气滥用工况。全部测试统一合格判定标准：不起火、不爆炸、无大量电解液泄漏。电芯、模组、成品 PACK 分阶段抽样检测，储能电站大容量 PACK 额外增加模组级热滥用测试，验证单颗电芯热失控是否连锁蔓延至整组，规避电站重大火灾事故。

Safety tests for sodium-ion batteries are divided into mechanical, thermal and electrical three categories, implemented in strict accordance with UN38.3 transportation standards and domestic mandatory national standards for energy storage to verify tolerance under extreme working conditions. New products must pass all tests before mass production and market circulation. First, mechanical safety tests: nail penetration, extrusion, drop, vibration and impact simulate handling collision, metal puncture and long-distance bumping to inspect cell mechanical damage resistance. Second, thermal safety tests: high-low temperature cycling, long-term high-temperature storage, thermal abuse baking and open fire combustion verify thermal runaway protection under alternating temperature and external high-temperature environments. Third, electrical safety tests: overcharge, over-discharge, external short circuit and forced reverse discharge simulate electric control failure, wiring short circuit and reverse connection abuse scenarios. The unified passing standard for all tests: no combustion, no explosion and no massive electrolyte leakage. Sampling tests are conducted at cell, module and finished PACK stages. Large-capacity PACKs for energy storage power stations add extra module-level thermal abuse tests to verify whether thermal runaway of a single cell spreads to the whole pack and avoid severe power station fire accidents.