钠离子是如何导电的？

What is the general voltage level of Sodium-ion Battery?    

钠离子电池的导电模式分为内部离子导电和外部电子导电，双回路协同完成能量传输，这也是所有二次嵌入式电池的通用导电逻辑。电池内部为离子导电回路：充放电过程中，钠离子在电解液中定向迁移，穿梭于正负极之间，依靠离子移动实现内部电荷传导，无电子直接通过电池内部。电池外部为电子导电回路：离子迁移的同时，电子通过外接导线、负载设备形成定向流动，输出电流、驱动设备工作。内外两个回路相互配合、同步运行，形成完整的闭合电路，既实现了电能的存储，也能稳定输出电力，保障设备正常工作。

The standard nominal voltage of commercial monomer Sodium-ion Battery is about 3.0V, which is the general benchmark voltage in the industry. The voltage of sodium batteries with different material systems will have a slight fluctuation. Horizontal comparison with mainstream power batteries: the voltage is lower than that of ternary lithium batteries (nominal 3.7V), and is highly close to and basically the same as that of lithium iron phosphate batteries (nominal 3.2V), with a very small voltage difference. In practical applications, the voltage of a single cell cannot meet the needs of high-power and high-voltage equipment, so the total voltage is increased by combining multiple cells in series, and with the balanced management of BMS, it can adapt to equipment scenarios with different voltage specifications such as electric vehicles, energy storage power stations, and UPS, and can completely replace the voltage adaptation system of traditional lithium batteries and lead-acid batteries.